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61.
A novel approach for estimating karst groundwater recharge in mountainous regions and its application in Switzerland 下载免费PDF全文
A pragmatic and simple approach for estimating the groundwater recharge of karst aquifers in mountainous regions by extrapolation of the hydrological regimes of gauged and well‐documented systems is presented. Specific discharge rates are derived using annual precipitation and spring measurements by taking into account catchment size and elevation, which are assumed to be the dominant factors. Reference sites with high data reliability are used for calibration and regional extrapolation. This is performed with normalized values employing spatial precipitation deviations and correlation with the elevation of the catchment areas. A tiered step procedure provides minimum and maximum normalized gradients for the relationship between recharge quantity and elevation for karst regions. The normalized recharge can therefore be obtained and extrapolated for any location using the spatial precipitation variability to provide an estimate of annual groundwater recharge. The approach was applied to Switzerland (approximately 7500 km2 of karst terrain situated between 200 and over 4000 m a.s.l.) using annual precipitation data from meteorological stations for the years 2000 to 2011. Results show that the average recharge rates of different Swiss karst domains range from 20 to 46 L/km2s, which corresponds to an infiltration ratio between 0.6 and 0.9 of total precipitation. Despite uncertainties inherent in the approach, these results provide a benchmark for renewable karst groundwater resources in Switzerland of about 8.4 km3/year. The approach can be applied to any other mountainous karst region, that is, where a clear relationship between elevation, precipitation and recharge can be assumed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
62.
We measured the concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and major ions and the stable carbon isotope ratios of DIC (δ13CDIC) in two creeks discharging from carbonate‐rich sulphide‐containing mine tailings piles. Our aim was to assess downstream carbon evolution of the tailings discharge as it interacted with the atmosphere. The discharge had pH of 6.5–8.1 and was saturated with respect to carbonates. Over the reach of one creek, the DIC concentrations decreased by 1.1 mmol C/l and δ13CDIC increased by ~4.0‰ 200 m from the seep source. The decrease in the DIC concentrations was concomitant with decreases in the partial pressure of CO2(aq) because of the loss of excess CO2(aq) from the discharge. The corresponding enrichment in the δ13CDIC is because of kinetic isotope fractionation accompanying the loss of CO2(g). Over the reach of the other creek, there was no significant decrease in the DIC concentrations or notable changes in the δ13CDIC. The insignificant change in the DIC concentrations and the δ13CDIC is because the first water sample was collected 160 m away from the discharge seep, not accessible during this research. In this case, most of the excess CO2(aq) was lost before our first sampling station. Our results indicate that neutral discharges from tailings piles quickly lose excess CO2(aq) to the atmosphere and the DIC becomes enrich in 13C. We suggest that a significant amount of carbon cycling in neutral discharges from tailings piles occur close to the locations where the discharge seeps to the surface. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
63.
Submarine groundwater discharge revealed by aerial thermal infrared imagery: a case study on Jeju Island,Korea 下载免费PDF全文
Eunhee Lee Ki‐mook Kang Sung Pil Hyun Kil‐Yong Lee Heesung Yoon Seung Hee Kim Yongcheol Kim Zhen Xu Duk‐jin Kim Dong‐Chan Koh Kyoochul Ha 《水文研究》2016,30(19):3494-3506
Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a global phenomenon that carries large volumes of groundwater and dissolved chemical species such as nutrient, metals, and organic compounds to coastal zones. We report the influence of SGD on the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea, using high‐resolution aerial thermal infrared (TIR) mapping techniques and field investigations. An aircraft‐based system was implemented using a cost‐effective TIR camera for aerial TIR mapping. Ground‐based calibrations and system integration with GPS/IMU (global positioning system/inertial measurement unit) were performed for the aerial systems. The aerial surveys showed distinct low‐temperature signatures of SGD along the coasts of Jeju Island, revealing large groundwater inputs from the coastal aquifers to the ocean. Multiple aerial surveys over a range of seasons and tidal stages revealed that SGD rates dynamically affect the sea surface temperature (SST) of the coastal zone. The in‐situ measurements supported that SGD has a substantial influence on the coastal water chemistry as well as SST. Our observations highlight the extent to which aerial‐based TIR mapping can serve as a powerful tool for studying SGD and other coastal processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
64.
Discharge‐sediment processes of the Zhadang glacier on the Tibetan Plateau measured with a high frequency data acquisition system 下载免费PDF全文
In high elevation cold regions of the Tibetan Plateau, suspended sediment transfer from glacier meltwater erosion is one of the important hydrological components. The Zhadang glacier is a typical valley‐type glacier in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains on the Tibetan Plateau. To make frequent and long period records of meltwater runoff and sediment processes in the very high elevation and isolated regions, an automatic system was installed near the glacier snout (5400 m a.s.l) in August 2013, to measure the transient discharge and sediment processes at 5‐min interval, which is shorter than the time span for the water flow to traverse the catchment from the farthest end to the watershed outlet. Diurnal variations of discharge, and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were recorded at high frequency for the Zhadang glacier, before suspended sediment load (SSL) was computed. Hourly SSC varied from the range of 0.2 kg/m3 to 0.5 kg/m3 (at 8:00–9:00) to the range of 2.0 kg/m3 to 4.0 kg/m3 (at 17:00–18:00). The daily SSL was 32.24 t during the intense ablation period. Hourly SSC was linearly correlated with discharge (r = 0.885**, n = 18, p < 0.01). A digit‐eight hysteresis loop was observed for the sediment transport in the glacier area. Air temperature fluctuations influence discharge, and then result in the sediment variations. The results of this study provide insight into the responses of suspended sediment delivery processes with a high frequency data in the high elevation cold regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
65.
An assessment of water quality measurements during a long‐lasting low water period in the Elbe River is presented. Weekly samples were taken from May to December 2003 at a sampling site in the middle part of the Elbe River. For multivariate data analysis, 34 parameters of 46 samplings were considered. As a result of this analysis, 78% of the variance of the data set is explained by five factors. They can be assigned to the following latent variables: season (37.5%) > tributaries (12.7%) > re‐suspension (10.4%) > discharge (9.4%) > complexation (8.5%). For the investigated sampling site, two key processes were identified as dominating factors on the water quality during low water conditions. First, seasonal phytoplankton development caused changes in redox conditions with consequences for re‐solution of pollutants from sediments. Second, tributaries have a higher impact on the main stream, due to changes in mixing processes. Therefore, in addition to flood investigations, monitoring strategies, and management plans should be developed in order to survey changes in water quality during low water conditions. 相似文献
66.
Levent Yilmaz 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(2):121-127
Employing bed load formulae hydraulic geometry relations were derived for stream width, sediment transport velocity, and bed slope. The relations were examined in terms of friction factor, bed load discharge, bed load diameter, and water discharge. Two fundamental approaches to the prediction of hydraulic geometry have been developed. The first and most widely adopted approach is based on empirical equations whereas the second is based on solution of the governing equations of flow. The applied bed load formulae belong to different authors. Here, the comparison with the other derived relations is presented. 相似文献
67.
68.
基于同位素与水化学分析法的地下水补径排研究——以苏锡常地区浅层地下水为例 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
在分析研究区浅层地下水空间分布特征的基础上,采用同位素与化学分析相结合的方法研究苏锡常浅层地下水的补径排条件。利用氢氧同位素的分析结果,建立潜水与微承压水的δD-δ18O关系曲线,分析潜水含水层与河流、湖泊等地表水体关系以及微承水的蒸发程度;利用放射性同位素氚与14C研究微承水与现代水的补给关系;利用常规的水化学分析方法研究浅层地下水补给源的变化问题。结合研究区地下水水位、地层岩性、地形、地貌等多方面因素综合分析了浅层地下水的补径排条件,从而指导苏锡常地区浅层地下水合理开发利用。 相似文献
69.
运用数值模拟建立青藏高原兹格塘错流域土壤、植被、气候等的空间和属性数据库;接着,借助分布式流域尺度水文模型(SWAT模型),对兹格塘错1956—2006年间的流量进行模拟实验;最后,反演50年来兹格塘错流域水文过程,测试流域温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子对湖泊水量变化的效应,探讨50年来湖泊水量对气候变化的响应。模拟实验的边界条件设置为自然地形、土壤、植被覆盖,其中土壤资料包括有机质含量、粒径等理化参数。模拟结果表明:兹格塘错的年平均流量为6.3m3/s,流量高峰集中在8月至10月,并且由于融雪补给的关系,3月出现另一个流量高峰;模拟结果与遥感解译所得到的结果吻合较好。敏感实验表明:兹格塘错流域内温度、降水和蒸发组合的敏感因子实验具有高原特征,即高原湖泊的水文过程和湖泊流量变化有着较为敏感的响应关系;兹格塘错流量受降水的影响最大,随着降水的增加,流量有所增加;在温度升高的情况下,流域蒸发量增加速度大,兹格塘错流量增加的效应不明显,而在冷湿模式下,流域蒸发量降低,兹格塘错流量增加显著。 相似文献
70.
以矿区现有地质—水文地质资料为基础,通过分析矿区水文地质特征,结合煤田开发利用方案,初步论证了正南煤田煤矿矿井充水条件和因素,并采用"大井"法预测了矿井用水量,提出了正南煤田开发利用过程中煤田水害的防治措施,以期为该煤矿建设开发提供依据。 相似文献